Health Conditions of the Aboriginal-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Health Conditions of the Aboriginal Communities of the Northern Territory. Answer: Overview Reasons/Business objectives of this proposal Northern Territory is one of the locations based in the central northern districts of Australia. This region has sparse population as compared to the rest parts of Australia. The Aborigines are the native people of Australia who are residing there till ages. However, statistics shows that around 61% of the households in the area are overcrowded (Crawford and Biddle 2016). This has resulted in a lot of health problems such as skin infections, respiratory infections and others. There is also an acute issue of the mental health disorders in which there is acute presence of schizophrenia. There is also an increased presence of psychoactive substance use, which has led to increased behavioral disorders. There are also issues with the hospitalization of the Aboriginal as well as Torres Strait Islander people of Australia. The inadequate dwelling conditions in the Northern Territory have led to an impact on the mental health of the residents (Crawford and Biddle 2016). The community suffers from emotional distress, which requires immediate attention. The present situation in Northern Territory has fostered the need for-Organizing a workshop for mental wellbeing in the Aboriginal community of Northern Territory, Australia. The mental well being workshops would mobilize the community and generate greater awareness among the masses. This workshop would discuss the causes, effects, generation and remedies of the different aspects of the mental illness. This workshop would also focus on the peoples experiences and concerns regarding mental health, which would be benefitting to the population in the long run. The expected outputs of the workshop would be that the people would be able to recognize the signs of mental illness and inform their practioner regarding the same. They can seek medical help from the medical practioner and they would also be able to participate in different community interventions. Performance measurement (quantifiable) The performance management of the mental well-being workshop needs to be measured for greater benefits to the community. The following are the metrics that needs to be evaluated after the completion of the workshop- Reduction of discrimination of mental health victims Understanding the mental health problems and the early signs Identifying distress and suicidal tendencies Understanding and dealing with depression Discussing experiences of the people concerning mental health Promote range of supports available in the country for mental health Knowledge about the emergency procedures that should be followed when there is a crisis situation Ways of promoting mental well being Business options The mental health workshop should be organized in a community building where the residents of the area can travel easily. The communities should be made aware about the workshop from beforehand so that they can manage their time accordingly. Expected benefits/Current situation and market opportunities Market analysis There is a subsequent increase of the Aboriginal population of Australia, which has resulted in an increase in the relevant health issues of mental health. Statistics show that the Aboriginal people are prone to suffer from dementia and depression than the rest of Australia (Crawford and Biddle 2016). There is an increase in the suicidal rates of the aborigines and they are prone to anxiety. They are prone to cognitive disability and this is one of the most common mental health issues of the community. This community separates themselves from the rest of the Australian citizens, which has resulted in an increase of their mental issues. The Aboriginal group is greatly characterized by mood disturbances and they have shown a restriction regarding the emotional responses to different phenomenon. There have also been suicidal tendencies among the people who have faced alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Aboriginal men are more prone to depression and they are not comfortable to talk about these issues to others. They do not feel comfortable to talk about their mental health issue to others. The community also faces issues in suppressing anger and they often have emotional outburst. There are a large number of anxiety disorders, which often go undiagnosed in the society. There are also people who suffer from psychotic disorders in Australia. There are no awareness workshops or mass communication activities in the market and hence there is huge potential for this kind of workshop. There is rising number of misconceptions, disbeliefs and superstitions that need to be addressed as soon as possible. The mental health services should be distributed among the community so that they can benefit from the same. This ensures that there is sufficient market for this kind of workshops in Northern Territory, Australia. SWOT analysis It is important to understand the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats of the upcoming workshop regarding mental health. The SWOT analysis is done below- Strengths Improvement of mental healthcare scenario Support from local healthcare agents Solution focused workshop Good relationships with stakeholders WEAKNESS Lack of participation from local communities Unable to mobilize the entire population Lack of budget allocation Residents have strong resistance to change OPPORTUNITY Resource allocation by WHO Rise in global mental health awareness Advancement in medical technologies THREAT Crisis situation may arise Acute stress disorder may prevent people from attending workshop Political conflicts Fig: SWOT analysis of mental health workshop Source: Created by author Output analysis The output needs to be analyzed in terms of effectiveness of the workshop. The first analysis would be regarding the number of participants who attended the workshop. It is also important to check their awareness level at the end of the workshop. It is important to check the participation level of the community and level of enhancement of the knowledge of them. Their mentality change should be checked and their knowledge regarding the mental illness should be evaluated. It should also be checked that if they are able to tackle with their mental health ailments (if any). The target market of this project would be the adolescents and people who suffer from stress, depression and suicidal tendencies. The mental health consumers would be selected along with their families. The other stakeholders of this project include the various private as well as government health services. The mental health care policy makers and mental health advocates would also be included in the workshop. The benefit of the workshop would be assessed in terms of the level of understanding of the different key concepts discussed. It is also important to provide practical suggestions to the participants and identify their preparedness for handling difficult situations concerning mental health. Benefits review plan The benefits review plan of the project is defined below- Benefits KPI Accountable Person Resources needed Evaluation of performance Youth engagement Empowered youth Youth empowerment manager Youth community support Self evaluation tests Improved decision making activity Members able to take mental health care decisions Project Manager Motivation to the victims Self evaluation tests Empowerment Positive outlook regarding mental illness Project Manager Videos showing successful mental health treatment Self evaluation tests Ability to self-administer emergency situations Effective administration of emergency situations Project Manager Audio visual tools regarding emergency management Self evaluation tests Overall improvement in quality of life Victims lead positive cheerful life Project Manager Sharing experiences of successful people Self evaluation tests Fig: Benefits Review Plan Source: Created by author Timescale There would be ten activities which would be required to be completed within a span of six months. The following timeline would demonstrate the timelines for completing individual activities- Month Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month 5 Month 6 STRATEGY ACTIVITIES Identifying need for mental health workshops Identifying local community support Calculation of approximate participants Resource gathering Planning of finances Determination of Venue Gain approval from local health board Extensive promotion of workshop Actual organizing of workshop Evaluation of the mental health workshop Costs of mental health workshop The costs of organizing a workshop on mental well-being can be categorized as recurring costs and non-recurring cost (Beatty, Cheng and Zach 2015). Nonrecurring costs are onetime costs that which do not occur on a frequent basis. Recurring cost on the other hand are costs that occur at regular intervals. Nonrecurring costs can also be termed as the initial investment for organizing the workshop. Thereafter, whenever these workshops are held, it is expected that these costs shall not be incurred. Given below is the initial investment of the workshop Initial Investment Particulars Amount Legal Expenses to Consultants $ 1,000.00 Stationary $ 800.00 Brochures $ 2,000.00 Advertisement expenses $ 2,500.00 Insurance $ 750.00 Deposit for rent $ 3,000.00 Remodeling Expenses $ 4,000.00 Expenses on Equipment $ 4,500.00 Expenses on Furniture $ 4,200.00 Other costs $ 3,500.00 Total Start up Expenses $26,250.00 The recurring expenses of the workshop include the following: Expected Costs Amount Rent 300 Electricity 350 Payment to Staff 1500 Payment to doctors 2500 Payment to counselors 1700 Organizing events 2800 Other costs 400 Total Expected Costs 9550 The expected sources of income of the workshop are given below: Expected Income Donations 5000 Subscriptions 5500 10500 The recurring and the non-recurring cost of the workshop have been estimated. These cost have been then utilized to calculate the net present value, the payback period and the return on investment in order to determine whether this venture should be undertaken or not. STATEMENT OF EXPECTED CASHFLOWS Expected Costs Amount Rent 300 Electricity 350 Payment to Staff 1500 Payment to doctors 2500 Payment to counselors 1700 Organising events 2800 Other costs 400 Total Expected Costs 9550 Expected Income Donations 5000 Subscriptions 5500 10500 Particulars Year1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Inflow 10500 15750 23625 35437.5 53156.3 Outflow 9550 11937.5 14921.9 18652.3 23315.4 Net cashflow 950 3812.5 8703.13 16785.2 29840.8 PV of cashflow (10%) 863.636 3150.83 6538.79 11464.5 18528.8 Total of PV of cashflows 40546.5 Initial Investment 26250 Net Present Value 14296.5 Return on investment 154.46% Payback period Average cashflow in the next 5 years 12018.3 Initial Investment 26250 Payback period in years 0.46 Major Risks There are major risks associated with the mental health workshop that should be taken into consideration. The first risk can be lack of adequate funds for carrying out the mental health workshop (Kidd, Kenny and McKinstry 2015). There can be issues with the rising budget of the workshop and there may be certain limitations regarding the actual functioning of the workshop. The second risk includes the fact there could be issues concerning the venue of workshop (Slade et al. 2014). This may involve last minute cancellations or lack of proper spaces for organizing the mental health workshop. The third risk may involve risks from the local communities as they may not support this kind of workshop. Their rebel may actually prevent the workshop from fulfilling its potential. The fourth risk would involve the lack of participation from the community. The marginalized community may not be ready for participating in the community initiatives which would dilute the purpose of the mental health program. The fifth risk would include the lack of approval of the health authorities in conducting such a mental health awareness program. The above risks can be mitigated with the help of proper planning and sufficient risk management strategies. The risk factors should be considered well and appropriate risk management strategies should be formulated. It is important to take precautionary steps beforehand so that the health awareness program is not cancelled. Conclusion The health status of Aboriginal population is in a poor state and there is a great lack of awareness regarding the basic mental health facility. The increased health burden can be attributed to the lack of basic health amenities and the lack of proper medical care. There are few health care persons specializing in mental health care in Northern Territory. The Australian Aboriginal community is full of stigma, superstitions and low awareness regarding the mental health disorders. They are not aware of the kind of mental ailments and their proper classification. This business case focused on the type of intervention that needs to be implemented in such a scenario. The benefits of mental health awareness workshop are understood and the output analysis is done. The financial analysis of the workshop is also done, which shows that the project would witness a 154% return on investment. The five-year projection shows that the workshop would have lucrative prospects in the next five years. T he mental health awareness program would bring in numerous benefits for the community that can modify the present superstitions of the community. References Beatty, A., Cheng, L. and Zach, T., 2015. Non-recurring items in debt contracts. Crawford, H. and Biddle, N., 2016. Home ownership transitions and Indigenous Australians. Hinde, D., 2012. PRINCE2 Study Guide (1), Hoboken: Wiley. Kidd, S., Kenny, A. and McKinstry, C., 2015. The meaning of recovery in a regional mental health service: an action research study.Journal of advanced nursing,71(1), pp.181-192. Kidd, S., Kenny, A. and McKinstry, C., 2015. The meaning of recovery in a regional mental health service: an action research study.Journal of advanced nursing,71(1), pp.181-192. Luitel, N.P., Jordans, M.J., Adhikari, A., Upadhaya, N., Hanlon, C., Lund, C. and Komproe, I.H., 2015. Mental health care in Nepal: current situation and challenges for development of a district mental health care plan.Conflict and health,9(1), p.3. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. (2017).National Center for Biotechnology Information. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Accessed 4 Aug. 2017]. Slade, M., Amering, M., Farkas, M., Hamilton, B., O'Hagan, M., Panther, G., Perkins, R., Shepherd, G., Tse, S. and Whitley, R., 2014. Uses and abuses of recovery: implementing recovery?oriented practices in mental health systems.World Psychiatry,13(1), pp.12-20. Ta, T.M.T., Zieger, A., Schomerus, G., Cao, T.D., Dettling, M., Do, X.T., Mungee, A., Diefenbacher, A., Angermeyer, M.C. and Hahn, E., 2016. Influence of urbanity on perception of mental illness stigma: a population based study in urban and rural Hanoi, Vietnam.International Journal of Social Psychiatry,62(8), pp.685-695. World Health Organization. (2017).World Health Organization. [online] Available at: https://www.who.int [Accessed 4 Aug. 2017].

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Essays (577 words) - Freemasons,

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart The remarkable musician and composer by the name of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in Salzburg, Austria in 1756. At the early ages of three and four, Wolfgang exhibited extraordinary powers of music memory and ear-sophistication. Leopold Mozart, Wolfgang's father, realized that his son was a true musical prodigy. He also realized that his best work wouldn't be his own, but in his son's future as a musician and composer. At about the age of three, Wolfgang spent hours at the piano discovering constant intervals and receiving systematic training from his father. Young Mozart also picked up violin playing practically by intuition alone. When Wolfgang was five, Leopold wrote him his first theme with a great deal of variations. At the age of eight, Wolgang undertook a concert tour with his father through out different areas of Europe. From this point on, young Mozart was constantly performing and writing music. Wherever he appeared, people gazed in amazement at his divine gifts. He was a true musical prodigy. By his early teens, Mozart mastered the piano, violin, and the harpsichord. W.A. Mozart performed up until 1788 when he decided to compose. He died in 1791 at the age of thirty-five. In Wolfgang's short life, he composed over six hundred works. These include 21 stage and opera works, 15 masses, over 50 symphonies, 25 piano concertos, 12 violin concertos, 27 concert arias, 17 piano sonatas, 26 string quartets?.the list is endless. His first major seria was Mitridate. Wolfgang performed this opera in Milan in 1770 when he was only fourteen. His first official opera was The Abduction from the Seraglio. This opera was first performed in Vienna and remained a big hit. W.A. Mozart's operas ranged from comic baubles to tragic masterpieces. Some foolish performers actually rejected playing under the direction of a twelve-year-old boy. Mozart was an exceptional composer as well as an all-star performer. In 1767, Mozart composed an opera buffa called, La Finta Semplice,? which came about as a huge hit. In 1788, Mozart returned to Salzburg as a concertmaster. He was recognized greatly throughout Europe. He halted his performances to stand clearly as a composer. The great musical master by the name of W.A. Mozart's individuality was of an exquisitely delicate, tender, and noble character. His operas, ? Don Juan?, ? The Magic Flute?, ? The Marriage of Figaro?, ? La Clemenza di Tito?, on account of their melodic beauty and truth of expression, have as strong a hold upon the affections of musical public today as they did at the end of the eighteenth century. Mozart's instrumental works continue to delight people all over the world. Although a great composer of the church, he doesn't receive great recognition in this area of his musical background. He is way more recognized for his operas and extravagant instrumental pieces. Mozart was a great musical genius who wrote pieces complete and perfect. Mozart brought the Viennese Classical style of music to its height. Although others such as Beethoven and Haydn had a skill in playing Viennese Classical style music, Mozart was way too unique and perfect for them to surpass. Mozart influenced people al l over the world by performing his musical wonders. Just to see a musical prodigy take over at an age of eight is enough motivation for anybody to accomplish anything. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is a special unique person who we will never see replicated. Music

Biography of Rafael Carrera - Rafael Carrera Profile

Biography of Rafael Carrera - Rafael Carrera Profile Guatemalas Catholic Strongman: Josà © Rafael Carrera y Turcios (1815-1865) was the first President of Guatemala, serving during the turbulent years of 1838 to 1865. Carrera was an illiterate pig farmer and bandit who rose to the presidency, where he proved himself a Catholic zealot and iron-fisted tyrant. He frequently meddled in the politics of neighboring countries, bringing war and misery to most of Central America. He also stabilized the nation and is today considered the founder of the Republic of Guatemala. The Union Falls Apart: Central America achieved its independence from Spain on September 15, 1821 without a fight: Spanish forces were more desperately needed elsewhere. Central America briefly joined with Mexico under Agustà ­n Iturbide, but when Iturbide fell in 1823 they abandoned Mexico. Leaders (mostly in Guatemala) then attempted to create and rule a republic they named the United Provinces of Central America (UPCA). Infighting between liberals (who wanted the Catholic Church out of politics) and conservatives (who wanted it to play a role) got the best of the young republic, and by 1837 it was falling apart. Death of the Republic: The UPCA (also known as the Federal Republic of Central America) was ruled from 1830 by Honduran Francisco Morazn, a liberal. His administration outlawed religious orders and ended state connections with the church: this enraged the conservatives, many of whom were wealthy landowners. The republic was mostly ruled by wealthy creoles: most Central Americans were poor Indians who did not care much for politics. In 1838, however, mixed-blooded Rafael Carrera appeared on the scene, leading a small army of poorly armed Indians in a march on Guatemala City to remove Morazn. Rafael Carrera: Carrera’s exact date of birth is unknown, but he was in his early to mid-twenties in 1837 when he first appeared on the scene. An illiterate pig farmer and fervent Catholic, he despised the liberal Morazn government. He took up arms and persuaded his neighbors to join him: he would later tell a visiting writer that he had started out with thirteen men who had to use cigars to fire their muskets. In retaliation, government forces burned down his house and (allegedly) raped and killed his wife. Carrera kept fighting, drawing more and more to his side. The Guatemalan Indians supported him, seeing him as a savior. Uncontrollable: By 1837 the situation had spiraled out of control. Morazn was fighting two fronts: against Carrera in Guatemala and against a union of conservative governments in Nicaragua, Honduras and Costa Rica elsewhere in Central America. For a while he was able to hold them off, but when his two opponents joined forces he was doomed. By 1838 the Republic had crumbled and by 1840 the last of the forces loyal to Morazn were defeated. The republic sundered, the nations of Central America went down their own paths. Carrera set himself up as president of Guatemala with the support of the Creole landowners. Conservative Presidency: Carrera was a fervent Catholic and ruled accordingly, much like Ecuador’s Gabriel Garcà ­a Moreno. He repealed all of Morazn’s anti-clerical legislation, invited the religious orders back, put priests in charge of education and even signed a concordat with the Vatican in 1852, making Guatemala the first breakaway republic in Spanish America to have official diplomatic ties to Rome. The wealthy Creole landowners supported him because he protected their properties, was friendly to the church and controlled the Indian masses. International Policies: Guatemala was the most populous of the Central American Republics, and therefore the strongest and wealthiest. Carrera often meddled in the internal politics of his neighbors, especially when they tried to elect liberal leaders. In Honduras, he installed and supported the conservative regimes of General Francisco Ferrara(1839-1847) and Santos Guardiolo (1856-1862), and in El Salvador he was a huge supporter of Francisco Malespà ­n (1840-1846). In 1863 he invaded El Salvador, which had dared to elect liberal General Gerardo Barrios. Legacy: Rafael Carrera was the greatest of the republican era caudillos, or strongmen. He was rewarded for his staunch conservatism: the Pope awarded him the Order of St. Gregory in 1854, and in 1866 (a year after his death) his face was put on coins with the title: â€Å"Founder of the Republic of Guatemala.† Carrera had a mixed record as President. His greatest achievement was stabilizing the country for decades at a time when chaos and mayhem were the norm in the nations surrounding his. Education improved under the religious orders, roads were built, the national debt was reduced and corruption was (surprisingly) kept to a minimum. Still, like most republican-era dictators, he was a tyrant and despot, who ruled mainly by decree. Freedoms were unknown. Although it is true that Guatemala was stable under his rule, it is also true that he postponed the inevitable growing pains of a young nation and did not allow Guatemala to learn to rule itself. Sources: Herring, Hubert. A History of Latin America From the Beginnings to the Present. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962. Foster, Lynn V. New York: Checkmark Books, 2007.

Biography of Jefferson Davis, Confederate President

Biography of Jefferson Davis, Confederate President Jefferson Davis  (born Jefferson Finis Davis; June 3, 1808–December 6, 1889) was a prominent American soldier, secretary of war, and political figure who became the president of the Confederate States of America, a nation formed in rebellion to the United States. Before becoming a leader of the slave states in rebellion, he was  viewed by some as a  plausible future president of the United States. Fast Facts: Jefferson Davis Known For:  Davis was the president of the Confederate States of America.Also Known As:  Jefferson Finis DavisBorn:  June 3, 1808  in Todd County, KentuckyParents: Samuel Emory Davis and Jane DavisDied: December 6, 1889  in New Orleans, LouisianaEducation: Transylvania University, U.S. Military Academy at West PointPublished Works:  The Rise and Fall of the Confederate GovernmentSpouses: Sarah Knox Taylor, Varina HowellChildren: 6Notable Quote: Are we, in this age of civilization and political progress†¦to roll back the whole current of human thought, and again return to the mere brute force which prevails between beasts of prey, as the only method of settling questions between men? Early Life and Education Jefferson Davis grew up in Mississippi and was educated at Transylvania University in Kentucky for three years. He then entered the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, graduated in 1828, and received a commission as an officer in the U.S. Army. Early Career and Family Life Davis served as an infantry officer for seven years. After resigning his military commission in 1835, Davis married Sarah Knox Taylor, the daughter of  Zachary Taylor, the future president and Army colonel. Taylor strongly disapproved of the marriage. The newlyweds moved to Mississippi, where Sarah contracted malaria and died within three months. Davis himself contracted malaria and recovered, but he often suffered lingering effects from the disease. Over time, Davis repaired his relationship with Zachary Taylor and he became one of Taylors most trusted advisers during his presidency. Davis married Varina Howell in 1845. They remained married for the rest of his life and had six children, three of whom lived to adulthood. Cotton Plantation and Start in Politics From 1835 to 1845, Davis became a successful cotton planter, farming on a plantation called Brierfield, which had been given to him by his brother. He also began buying slaves in the mid-1830s. According to the federal census of 1840, he owned 39 slaves. In the late 1830s, Davis took a trip to Washington, D.C.  and apparently met President  Martin Van Buren. His interest in politics developed, and in 1845 he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as a Democrat. The Mexican War and Political Rise With the beginning of the  Mexican War  in 1846, Davis resigned from Congress and formed a volunteer company of infantrymen. His unit fought in Mexico, under General Zachary Taylor, and Davis was wounded. He returned to Mississippi and received a heros welcome. Davis was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1847  and obtained a powerful position on the Military Affairs Committee. In 1853, Davis was appointed secretary of war in the cabinet of President  Franklin Pierce. It was probably his favorite job, and Davis took to it energetically, helping to bring important reforms to the military. His interest in science inspired him to  import camels  for use by the U.S. Cavalry. Secession In the late 1850s, as the nation was splitting over the issue of slavery, Davis returned to  the U.S. Senate. He cautioned other southerners about secession, but when slave states started leaving the Union, he resigned from the Senate. On January 21, 1861, in the waning days of the administration of  James Buchanan, Davis gave a dramatic farewell speech in the Senate and pleaded for peace. President of the Confederate States of America Jefferson Davis was the only president of the Confederate States of America. He held the office from 1861 until the collapse of the Confederacy at the end of the Civil War, in the spring of 1865. Davis never campaigned for the presidency of the Confederacy in the sense that politicians in the United States campaign. He was essentially selected to serve and he claimed not to be seeking the position. He began his term with widespread support within the states in rebellion. Opposition As the Civil War continued, Davis critics within the Confederacy increased. Before secession, Davis had consistently been a forceful and eloquent advocate for states rights.  Ironically, he became inclined to impose the rule of a strong central government as he tried to manage the Confederate government. Strong states rights advocates within the Confederacy came to oppose him. Besides his choice of Robert E. Lee as commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, Davis is mostly deemed a weak leader by historians. Davis was seen as prickly, a poor delegator, overly involved in details, wrongly attached to defending Richmond, Virginia, and guilty of cronyism. Most historians agree that he was far less effective as a leader during wartime than his counterpart, President Abraham Lincoln. After the War Following the Civil War, many in the federal government and the public believed Davis to be a traitor responsible for years of bloodshed and the deaths of many thousands. There was a strong suspicion that Davis had been involved in the  assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Some accused him of having ordered Lincolns murder. After Davis was apprehended by Union cavalry while trying to escape and perhaps keep the rebellion going, he was locked up in a military prison for two years. For a time he was kept in chains, and his health suffered from his rough treatment. The federal government eventually decided not to prosecute Davis and he returned to Mississippi. He was financially ruined, since he had lost his plantation (and, like many other large landholders in the south, his slaves). Later Years and Death Thanks to a wealthy benefactor, David was able to live comfortably on an estate, where he wrote a book about the Confederacy, The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government. In his final years, in the 1880s, he was often visited by admirers. Davis died on December 6, 1889. A large funeral was held for him in New Orleans and he was buried in the city. His body was eventually moved to a large tomb in Richmond, Virginia. Legacy Davis, in the decades before the Civil War, served admirably in a number of positions within the federal government. Before becoming a leader of the slave states in rebellion, he was  viewed by some as a  possible future president of the United States. But his accomplishments are judged differently from other American politicians. While he held the Confederate government together in nearly impossible circumstances, he was considered a traitor by those loyal to the United States. There were many Americans who believed he should have been tried for treason and hanged after the Civil War. Some advocates for Davis point to his intellect and relative skill in governing the rebel states. But his detractors note the obvious: Davis strongly believed in the perpetuation of slavery. The veneration of Jefferson Davis remains a controversial subject. Statues of him appeared throughout the south following his death, and, because of his defense of slavery, many now believe those statues should be taken down. There are also periodic calls to remove his name from public buildings and roads which had been named in his honor. His birthday continues to be celebrated in several southern states, and his presidential library opened in Mississippi in 1998. Sources Cooper, William C., Jr. Jefferson Davis, American. Alfred A. Knopf, 2000.  McPherson, James M. Embattled Rebel: Jefferson Davis as Commander in Chief. Penguin Press, 2014.  Strode, Hudson. Jefferson Davis: Confederate President. Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1959.

Learning and Transfer of Training Research Paper

Learning and Transfer of Training - Research Paper Example They promote intellectual skills which results to faster problem solving and critical thinking. In addition to improved intellectual skills and practical application of knowledge video games improve the motor skills. This is important when in learning practical courses such as telephone repair, computer repair, plumbing and driving. Video games promote just in time learning since the players are constantly encouraged to be better through the various levels of difficulty. Video games encourage critical thinking since the trainees enter into a virtual world and are supposed to come up with ideas on the next move that they are supposed to take (Jana, 2005). It has been proven that learning through images is the best since vision is the most important sense of the brain. Video games are highly visual and this makes it easier for the information that is learnt to be recalled better. Finally, video games stimulate the emotional interest of the trainees because they are emotionally engaging. Transfer of training is defined as the epitome of any learning process. This is because it determine how well individuals what they learnt in their jobs. Video games facilitate generalization that is termed as the trainee’s capacity to use the information that was imparted on them during the training (Jana, 2005). Video games present the situation that the trainees will encounter in the field and this promotes transfer training in general. In other words, the problems that are present in the learning environment are similar to those that are found in the learning environment. Video games facilitate maintenance which refers to the process through which individuals apply what they were taught over time. It is imperative to note that for training to be efficient, both transfer of training and learning and mandatory. It has been observed that individuals that fail to apply what they

MGT 501 SLP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MGT 501 SLP - Essay Example On the contrary, I was pleasantly surprised by my score in the quiz on African affairs. This is because I have not particularly taken a course to do with African affairs, and yet I got only one question wrong. 2.0 How Culturally Aware Am I? From my experience in dealing with people from various cultural backgrounds, I have learnt that I have strength in establishing mutually beneficial relationships with culturally different people. Sometimes, a person from a different cultural background and I can reach a mutual agreement on how to do something, even though we do not particularly hold the same views. Most of the times, this is achieved through compromise and an evaluation of which way best suits the situation, thus ascribing to the â€Å"my way and their way† form of cultural awareness (Gardenswartz & Rowe, 2001). In such cases, therefore, I chose to appreciate our cultural differences and not try to force similarities. This way, if the chosen way does not work, we can always resort to the way of the other culture, where possible. This has taught me that there is no single culture that has â€Å"one best way† of doing something (Gardenswartz & Rowe, 2001). Nonetheless, I recognise that I am not fully culturally aware. Although I recognise that there are different cultures, I am sometimes biased in passing cultural judgments on people. For example, I question the necessity of bowing to a senior person while greeting them, as the Chinese do. I sometimes think that such an action portrays inferiority on the part of the person doing the bowing. In addition, I am particularly judgmental of those cultures that, for example, still practice female circumcision in Africa. I question their beliefs and end up convinced that nothing could, in my culture, rationalise such practices. My primary step is devising ways of appreciating people, given that I am familiar with the fact that I am capable of building rapport with people from numerous cultures and I inte nd to build on that. Next in plan should be identifying the reasons why some persons from some cultural milieu conduct themselves in a specific way whilst others react to other situations in a different way. Later on, I should use my connections with persons from varied cultures to allow me to gain a clear understanding of their conduct and opinions. Consequently, I will get to a point where I am on recognisable terms with the fact that I have an approach of doing things, while a different person has their way of conducting themselves. I think I should first of all do more research, for instance, on why some Africans observe female genital mutilation, so as to evade my shortcoming in making judgment on the culture of other persons. I believe more research will allow me to be more knowledgeable of the reasons why female genital mutilation is such a critical ritual of passage. Secondly, I should endeavour to put myself in the situation of the person I criticise on the basis of their c ulture and see if I would have done anything in a different way, if I were the one in the alleged culture. 3.0 The Significance of Cultural Understanding to Managers It is fundamental in a managerial setting that managers increase their levels of cultural awareness, as this goes a great mile in determining the outcome of organisational activities. As Gardenswartz and Rowe (2001) put it, a manager may be required to pass information to employees, or to solve conflicts among employees. Since the workplace is

Audit program design part ii Essay Example for Free

Audit program design part ii Essay With the exception of cash sales, every transaction and amount is ultimately included in one of two balance sheet accounts, accounts receivable or allowance for uncollectible accounts. There are eight business functions for the sales and collection cycle. The first four processes are for recording sales, while every other class of transactions includes only one business function. The four sales transaction functions are necessary for getting the goods into the hands of customers, correctly billing them, and reflecting the information in the accounting records. The remaining four functions involve the collection and recording of cash, sales returns and allowances, write-off of uncollectible accounts, and providing for bad debt expense. Classes of TransactionsBusiness Functions SalesProcessing customer orders Granting credit Shipping goods Billing customers and recording sales Cash ReceiptsProcessing and recording cash receipts Sales returns and allowancesProcessing and recording sales returns and allowances Write-off of uncollectible accountsWriting off uncollectible accounts receivable Bad debt expenseProviding for bad debts (Arens, 2012, p.443) The direction of testing for sales is as follows: Customer orders; Shipping Documents; Duplicate Sales invoices; Sales Journals; and General Ledger. (Arens, 2012, p. 455) Tests of Controls For each control, there should be at least one test of control, but there can be more than one. We will gather evidence for internal controls by: Documentation; Observation; Inquiries of the client; and Re-performance. The tests create audit evidence that support the common assertions for the business cycle: ïÆ' ¼Existence and Occurrence: to ensure that sales are recorded for shipments to genuine customers; ïÆ' ¼Completeness; All existing sales transaction are recorded; ïÆ' ¼Accuracy: to ensure that amounts of sales for quantities shipped is recorded and billed accurately, is summarized appropriately and is traceable to accounts receivables master file; ïÆ' ¼Presentation and disclosure/ Classification: Sales transaction are appropriately classified; and ïÆ' ¼Cut-Off: The sales are recorded in the accounting period in which these were incurred. We propose the following tests of controls for Sales and Collections: ïÆ' ¼Examination of purchase orders from customers for evidence of customer approval; ïÆ' ¼Inspection of sales invoice for supporting documentation; ïÆ' ¼Tracing Sale invoice figures to bill of lading and customer order; ïÆ' ¼Inspection of batch control file for initials of data control clerk authenticating sign off; ïÆ' ¼Follow up on the sequential pattern of Shipping documents; ïÆ' ¼Examination of file for batch totals and initials of data control clerk; ïÆ' ¼Inspect the internal verification documentation package; and ïÆ' ¼Re-perform reconciliation of customer debtors master file totals to general ledger balance. Substantive Tests of Transactions For each transaction, there should be at least one substantive test, but there can be more than one. We will gather evidence for internal controls by: Documentation; Inquiries of the client; Re-performance; and Recalculation. The tests create audit evidence that support the common assertions for the business cycle: Existence and Occurrence, Completeness, Accuracy, Presentation and disclosure/ Classification, and Cutoff. We propose the following substantive tests of transactions for Sales and Collections: ïÆ' ¼Ensure that the sales invoices are serially numbered; ïÆ' ¼Review master file and sales journal for unusual transactions and abnormally high or low amounts; ïÆ' ¼Trace the sample of selected sales journal entries to its supporting documents like , bill of lading and sales order inter alia , also check duplicate sales invoice issued (if any); ïÆ' ¼Trace information as per shipping documents to the sales journal; ïÆ' ¼Trace sales journal ledger entries to sale invoices on sample basis; ïÆ' ¼Verify amounts on the sale invoice by re-computing price and extension on the same; ïÆ' ¼Trace amounts of sales from Sale invoices to customer orders, sale order and shipping documents like bill of lading etc.; and ïÆ' ¼Trace selected invoices from journal to the Trade debtors’ master file and test amount, date, and invoice number for valuation and cut off. Analytical Procedures Because analytical procedures are substantive tests, they reduce the extent to which the auditor needs to perform detailed tests of balances, if the analytical procedure results are favorable. Our audit team performs analytical procedures for the entire sales and collection cycle, not just accounts receivable. When we perform analytical procedures for sales, we obtain evidence about both sales and accounts receivable. We propose the following analytical procedures for Sales and Collections: Analytical Procedure Possible Misstatement Compare gross margin percentage with previous Overstatement or understatement of sales years (by product line). and accounts receivable. Compare sales by month (by product line) Overstatement or understatement of sales over time. and accounts receivable. Compare sales returns and allowances as a Overstatement or understatement of sales percentage of gross sales with previous years returns and allowances and accounts (by product line). receivable. Compare individual customer balances over a Misstatements in accounts receivable and stated amount with previous years. related income statement accounts. Compare bad debt expense as a percentage of Uncollectible accounts receivable that have gross sales with previous years. not been provided for. Compare number of days that accounts Overstatement or understatement of receivable are outstanding with previous years allowance for uncollectible accounts and and related turnover of accounts receivable. bad debt expense; also may indicate fictitious accounts receivable. Compare aging categories as a percentage of Overstatement or understatement of accounts receivable with previous years. allowance for uncollectible accounts and bad debt expense. Compare allowance for uncollectible accounts Overstatement or understatement of as a percentage of accounts receivable with allowance for uncollectible accounts and previous years. bad debt expense. Compare write-off of uncollectible accounts as Overstatement or understatement of a percentage of total accounts receivable with allowance for uncollectible accounts and previous years. bad debt expense. (Arens, 2012, p. 524) Payroll and Personnel Cycle The personnel and payroll cycle of Apollo Shoes Inc. must be audited with the inclusion of tests of controls, substantive tests of transactions, and analytical procedures. Tests of account balance details are not required considering the balance sheet accounts regarding payroll are not of a material nature (Arens, Elder, Beasley, 2012). Transactions within the payroll cycle have the potential for materiality and are therefore far more important when designing the audit program. Test of Controls Internal control over the payroll and personnel cycle is significant to the accuracy of each payroll transaction. In order to properly test controls regarding each of the audit objectives listed above the design for test of controls includes several review and examination factors, as well as discussion with employees. Substantive Test of Transactions Tests of transactions may happen during the testing or internal control or may happen after the internal control has been tested depending on the most efficient way to conduct the audit program. Tests of transactions for the personnel and payroll cycle are of high importance because of the volume of transactions throughout the accounting period. Transaction testing allows for identification of irregularities and potential misstatements in payroll. Apollo Shoes Inc. uses an internal form known as a â€Å"take home sheet† that indicate gross pay, each deduction, net pay, and year to date totals for each employee (Louwers Reynolds, 2007). Examination and comparison of this form, the corresponding payroll register, and the corresponding canceled checks will make up a large portion of the tests of transactions. 1.Compare canceled checks with payroll register 2.Compare canceled checks with take home sheets 3.Compare payroll change documents to payroll employee files 4.Recalculate register entries and take home sheets 5.Recalculate hours worked from time records (Arens, et al., 2012) 6.Compare payroll register and take home sheets with vouchers paid 7.Examine employee records for all unclaimed checks 8.Compare â€Å"paid† register and vouchers with master payroll file 9.Examine time cards and time clock Analytical Procedures Analytical procedures as a part of the audit program allow for the relatively quick comparison of specific account details that may lead to identifying possible misstatements that require additional detailed testing (Arens, et al., 2012). Analytical procedures involve the use of current and historical information to make comparisons. If the comparison result differs from the expected then additional testing will be necessary. Compare salary expenses to those from last year in order to determine if the expected increase in salary expense is reasonable (Louwers Reynolds, 2007). Compare total payroll expense to previous years accounting for pay and volume increases to establish whether or not there are misstatements in payroll expenses (Arens, et al., 2012). Compare sales to last year and review these in order to determine if the changes in payroll and sales are relative from one year to the next. Increased sales with a decrease in payroll for example may indicate a misstatement. Compare payroll tax expense as a percentage of salaries and wages to previous years to determine potential misstatements in payroll tax expense (Arens, et al., 2012). Review executive salaries and determine if they correspond to the salaries authorized in the board minutes (Louwers Reynolds, 2007). Acquisition and Payment Cycle With the acquisition and payment cycle, there are three main transactions in this cycle, which entail: ïÆ' ¼Attainment of merchandises and amenities, ïÆ' ¼Cash distribution, and purchase returns, and ïÆ' ¼Allowances and buying reductions. The first assessment goal is to check for existence by confirming that acquisition demand, purchase order, receiving report, payment transactions and merchant statements are attached to the coupon. It needs to be confirmed that the level of credit authorization is accurate, entrance of acquisitions are from approved merchants only, and that each transactions are appropriate. Then the, papers are studied for existence, merchants are certified, and payable records are reviewed for uncommon accounts. The fixed assets that are attained are observed too. The next audit goal is to check control for extensiveness by testing that the transactions are renumbered and in sequence order. Transactions are outlined to coupons and journals. Additionally is to assess controls for correctness by validating that the calculations are accurate and are associated to summary reports. The journals and reports are paralleled for correctness. The goal of the assessment is to check controls for arrangement by validating account grouping and inspecting the chart of accounts and processes by linking the grouping through the chart of accounts as they mention to the merchant’s statement. The audit goal is to assess the controls for timing by validating periods and observing and witnessing unrecorded merchant statements and transactions. These are confirmed on the inside. The dates of acquiring these reports and statement are then paralleled with dates of acquirement and payment transactions. The assessment platform is intended to let the business to comprehend how the auditors will be testing internal controls. This sequence of exams and methodical processes are intended to demonstrate the worth and rationality of the sales and collection cycle, payroll and personnel cycle, and acquisition and payment cycle. The exams center on existence, wholeness, and correctness. Once the exams are done, we will have a better indication on how to continue with the remainder of the assessment. It will help to regulate how long the assessment might be and what the price could be. References Arens, A. A., Elder, R.J., Beasley, M.S. (2012). Auditing and assurance services: An integrated approach (14th Ed.). New York, New York: Pearson. Louwers, T. J., Reynolds, J. K. (2007). Apollo Shoes Casebook. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill.